Shakespeare Movie vs Play

Shakespeare's Othello: Movie (Oliver parker 1995) Vs. Play Oliver parker's Othello came out in 1995 with Laurence Fishburne as Othello this is also the first time Othello was played by a coloured actor, Kenneth Branagh as Iago and Irene Jacob as Desdemona. Parker kept the original plot and language intact, however the movie seemed to give Othello life through visual and audio aids. Parker's Othello enables the viewer to associate on a personal level and compliments to the anticipation and imagination of those who have read the play before watching the movie.The audio although normally overpowered by the visual aspect played a key role in defining and empowering the movie. The music was fast and uplifting during celebration and on the eve of Othello's victory against the turks however the music changed to slow and haunting during Iago's monologues, Othello's lascivious and crazed thought of Cassio and Desdemona and scenes involving death. Audio plays key role in foreshadowing and indi cation, whenever Iago speaks of his plans the music starts of in piano or mezzo piano and slowly crescendos as is heard when Iago repeats â€Å"i hate the moor,† the music becomes increasingly passionate and strong.Iago's pronunciation and stress of each his words during his soliloquies were indicators of coming events. Iago's words were soft and soothing when he was â€Å"pouring pestilence† and they became loud and strong when a key scene would be approaching. Iago's soft speech was a way of showing his sincerity to Othello but also as a way of safe guarding his real intentions, this is can be seen when Iago first reveals to Othello that Desdemona is being unfaithful. The most captivating usage of music in the movie was the song Desdemona sings in the bath to Emilia â€Å"Willow, Willow,† on the night of her death.The song foreshadows the death of the person of sings it. It predicted the death of Desdemona's mother's maid and it does the same for her and Emili a. The visual aid in the movie played a large role in aiding the viewers imagination and also filling in blanks that the play could not. Some of the best visuals in Parker's movie adaptation of Othello were not in the script, the black and white chess pieces, water, wedding, sea burial, the dagger, and the glimpses of Cassio and Desdemona together.The chess pieces seem to symbolise Iago's plan to destroy Othello and Desdemona and also the sea burial later in the movie. Oliver used a lot of fire and water images throughout the movie, water seemed to represent ill fate, water foreshadows death or something bad. Desdemona was in the bath the night she was killed and Othello even washed is hands and face before he killed Desdemona. The fire and light in Oliver's movie seemed to represent safety and warmth, When Othello is about to kill Desdemona he blows out the candle. The candle represents Desdemona and how her time to live is coming to an end.Oliver plays with light through the backg round, Scenes which involve Desdemona are bright and lit up until her death and scenes which involve Iago are dark and lack brightness. Othello's clothes were indicators to his own personal change in the beginning he would wear white and clothes different to the others but towards the end the clothes he was wearing were black. These colours reflect the moor's mood at different times of the play. The movie however had some weak points that pulled it away from shakespeare's original intent with the script. There was a lot more emphasis on sexuality in the movie than Shakespeare's play intended.There is also questions about Iago's sexuality and true intents in one fleeting moment in Parker's Othello; Iago breaks down crying when him and Othello make a blood pact. Iago's breakdown comes as a surprise and throws the viewer off guard to much towards the end distorting Iago's reasoning for plotting against the Moor. Overall Parker did a good job with the movie he managed to maintain locati on and time period of Shakespeare's original, it allows us to get a clearer more defined picture of Othello. The dialogue and settings are kept as authentic as possible.

The Effect of MMR Vaccination to the Occurrence of Autism in Newborn Children

The MMR is a single shot vaccine which prevents the onset of deadly diseases that are common during childhood, such as measles, mumps, and rubella.The first shot of the vaccine is administered during the 12th to 15th month of an infant, and is followed by a booster shot during the 4th to 6th year. (Medline Plus) Several research studies and health care professionals have linked the MMR Vaccine to autism, despite its inclusion in the standard immunizations for infants.This has raised the interest of other health care professionals and has conducted several studies in order to prove whether the link between MMR vaccines and autism exists. The research studies shall be discussed in the following statements.The online portal for Evidence-Based Nursing have published several research studies which have proved that the occurrence or autism is not in any way connected to the said vaccine.The first research study was conducted by Wilson, Mills, Ross, et. al. based on epidemiological evidence s, that is a study that concentrates on the total population of those who received MMR vaccination, the rate of occurrence of autism with the increase in populations who receive the vaccine, the correlation between the time of vaccination to the occurrence of autism, and the relationship between certain types of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and the vaccine. (Jack, 2004)For this particular review, several researches were used as sources, such as twelve researches studies from scholarly journals and articles. The study has revealed several evidences that prove there is no relation between MMR vaccines and autism.First, the risk of autism in children does not vary for vaccinated and unvaccinated populations. Second, the rate of occurrence of ASD is not influenced by the increased rate of populations getting the vaccine. Third, diagnosis for ASD has not increased over time after the vaccination of MMR. Lastly, there is no connection between the MMR vaccine and the occurrence of seve ral types of ASD. (Jack, 2004)The second research study was funded by the Danish National Research Foundation, National Vaccine Program Office & National Immunization Program, and National Alliance for Autism Research. It was conducted in Denmark with 537,303 children. Half of the total population studied for research purposes were males.Data were gathered from the Danish National Board of Health, wherein the researchers obtained significant information regarding the participants of the study. The breakdown of the total population of participants was such that 440,655 children were vaccinated, 316 children were diagnosed with autism, and 422 were diagnosed with ASD. However, further study proved that the children who were vaccinated with MMR were not at a higher risk of being diagnosed with autism. (Wright, 2003)The third research study was funded by the same institutions and researchers in the second research study; however, the focus of the study was to determine whether the combi nation of three vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines, were connected with the diagnosis of autism.The participants included in the research study aforementioned were used in this particular research study. Additional information were obtained from the Danish Civil Registration System, Danish National Board of Health, Danish Medical Birth Registry, etc.The results of the study proved that there is no significant difference in the risk rate of vaccinated and unvaccinated children from being diagnosed with autism, and that the combination of the three vaccines in a single shot was not connected with the occurrence of autism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both the studies conducted in Denmark may be considered accurate because of the accurate data recorded in the Danish system.Moreover, because the two studies were conducted on a large population, consisting of both vaccinated and unvaccinated children, the results of the study may be considered precise and that parents should continue immunizing their children with the MMR vaccine. (Tidmarsh, 2003)These research studies suggest that people, especially members of the nursing practice, should be aware of this fact that there is no known connection between the MMR vaccine and the occurrence of autism. The news that came out about the links between the vaccine and autism caused inquiries, as well as fears, from families who have children vaccinated for MMR.Moreover, because of these issues, people would hesitate to let their children be immunized from measles, mumps, and rubella, leaving their children at high risk from contracting these deadly diseases.Members of the nursing practice, as well as health care professionals, should be aware of the facts and figures which disprove previous claims about MMR and autism in order for them to become the stakeholders’ reliable and trusty sources of information. This would encourage families to continue with the immunization process in order to protect their children from being exposed with the dangers of these diseases.Moreover, the knowledge of these evidences presented should be used by health care professionals in order to publicize the invalidation of rumors about MMR and autism or ASD. In order to strengthen their claim, further research should be conducted including wider population ranges and longer time frames for observations, so as to make sure there are no loopholes from which people may base their worries or fears. The important thing is that reliable health care professionals are able to clarify the misinformed and advocate MMR vaccination.Stating the possible dangers of measles, mumps, and rubella, and missing the vaccination, would be instrumental in assuring the people that there are no links between MMR vaccinations and autism or ASD.ReferencesMedline Plus. (2008). â€Å"MMR-Vaccine.† Retrieved April 12, 2008, from National Library ofMedicine. Website: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/articl e/002026.htmJack, S. (2004) â€Å"Review: Existing Epidemiological Evidence Does Not Show an AssociationBetween Mumps, Measles, and Rubella Vaccination and Autism. Evidence-Based Nursing. 2004 Jan; 7(1): 25. Website: http://www.cinahl.com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/cgi-bin/refsvc?jid=1646&accno=2004157790Tidmarsh, L. (2003). â€Å"There is Little Evidence that Combined Vaccination against Measles,Mumps and Rubella is Associated with Autism.† Evidence-Based Mental Health. 6(2): 62. Website: http://www.cinahl.com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/cgi-bin/refsvc?jid=2296&accno=2003085837Wright, S. (2003). â€Å"Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, Vaccine Was Not Associated With Autism inChildren.† Evidence-Based Nursing. 6(3): 89. Website: http://www.cinahl.com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/cgi-bin/refsvc?jid=1646&accno=2004050484   

Birdy

# 8211 ; Psychological Aspects Of Characters Essay, Research Paper# 8220 ; Merely if we look profoundly into ourselves can we detect who we truly are? . ( Erich Fromm ) Birdy? at first may look to be a book characterized by its superficiality and simpleness, nevertheless it is within a field secret plan and construction that the existent values are hidden. Wharton? s narrative gives us the penetration into human qualities which are subjected to merely one aim: life itself. The book carries the reader into a wholly different world demoing how a male child creates and lives in his ain universe. Psychological portrayal of Birdy, which the writer presented, has a symbolic significance. Most significantly, it shows that the capacity to comprehend prevarications within the person. One of the psychological facets that Wharton deeply deals with is the lineation of two different characters: Al and Birdy. Those characters represent diverse qualities, however they seem to overlap to a certain extent. Al has a really rational position of life. His realistic attack enables him to step steadfastly through life, catch every chance of it. However, when he meets Birdy, he realizes that it wasn? t true at all, and all that clip he was merely walking with his eyes half-opened. Realism is what Birdy? s doctrine of life is missing, therefore that is why their characters seem to complement one another. A permanent relationship is created, on the footing of which the reader has the chance to detect what psychological alterations they undergo. Al wants to demo Birdy the universe that he has non discovered yet. On the other manus, Birdy tries to unveil the beauty of different world that he himself becomes fascinated with. Each of us has a nature of its ain, alone and exceeding. Wharton stresses it throughout the narrative. He skillfully crafts a psychologically intricate character? Birdy, who sees the universe in different colorss and sunglassess. He explores the universe through a wholly different world. Al? s friendly relationship on the one manus gives him a closer penetration into the existent universe, on the other one intensifies his compulsion. What really Wharton shows is how far can it truly travel. Birdy doesn? Ts have control over his ideas, he seems to be incapacitated. It is his desires that dictate all his actions. They become a beginning for his bizarre behavior. Passion to birds is so overpowering that Birdy becomes unaware of the very facts of the existent life. The existent universe is a labyrinth where he hopelessly seeks for issue. That is chiefly why he escapes to a small oasis of safety from the universe, where he can be certain of being admired when he is non admirable, and prai sed he is non applaudable. Birdy creates a universe of his ain, a topographic point were he could experience safe, proud and needed. He looks for some apprehension among others, but it is merely in the universe created by him that he can happen his kernel of life. A dream in which he becomes a bird has even a sexual intension. It invariably comes back at dark, and becomes so strong that he looses the ability to separate between the existent, and the fanciful universe: ? The dream is every bit existent to me now as my waking life. I don? T know where one begins and the other terminals. ? However, this different world that Birdy enters becomes a boundary line for Al. At the beginning of their friendly relationship Birdy tries to equilibrate between those two diverse universes, however his passion turns out to be stronger. Al and Birdy create a womb-to-tomb fondness # 8211 ; friendly relationship. It becomes the greatest sweetening of their lives. Merely few do detect what it means to be raised to the highest pitch of enjoyment of life. His religion in the possibility of winging helps him to? last? his unhappy childhood. Birdy lives in the head, in thoughts, in fragments. His passion gave him air to take a breath, otherwise he would smother. He does non give up and that makes him the victor. For Al, Birdy? s bizarre behavior is # 8211 ; as he states it? merely traveling excessively far? . He is afraid of it, as the universe that Birdy enters is an unknown measure for Al. He sees that his friend? s passion becomes unmanageable and hence Birdy? s behavior is more and more unpredictable. Al starts to understand that he can non make much about the state of affairs, and that the whole? outlandishness? is beyond his comprehension. That is chiefly why he turns his dorsum at Birdy, go forthing him entirely. Birdy is non capable of happening his ain topographic point in the surrounding world and in the eyes of others he is perceived as insane. ? There is no such an absurd thing that a adult male wouldn? t make merely to give life a purpose. ? ( Wharton ) When after war Al comes back to assist Birdy retrieve, he realizes the really true facts of life. His behavior in the infirmary for mentally handicapped reveals his fond nature. Al understands that Birdy became a portion of his life. However, the state of affairs that he has to get by with terrifies him. On the manner to Birdy? s mental recovery, which does non look to hold positive consequences, Al realizes that the universe they are populating in is full of ugliness, danger and corruption. One therefore should construct a universe of his ain, where all these jobs do non merely be. Wharton, when asked about the intent of psychological intricateness of some of his characters including Birdy said that it is # 8220 ; because there is some prevarication in this universe that I want to expose # 8221 ; . Wharton through psychological portrayals of characters shows the dichotomy of universes, a clang between the mimetic universe and the one created by friendly relationship and passion. F ictional universe crafted by writer suggests another impression of saneness in a universe that is obviously insane. Birdy creates his ain doctrine of life? a arm against the world. ? It takes 20 old ages or more of peace to do a adult male ; it takes merely 20 seconds of war to destruct him. ? ( Baudouin I ) Birdy is a mentally delicate character. He is capable of seeing things other people consider unimportant and meaningless. Those small things give him hope and something he can believe in. His whole life revolves around them. However, this is wholly changed by war. It puts an terminal to his delicate mind which is crushed under the load of what he has to travel through. All the agony, hurting, fright and the feeling of uncertainness destruct his belief in the universe he is populating in. That is why Birdy escapes into his ain world, nevertheless that is where he gets lost. His contact with the existent universe is handicapped, war brainwashes him into unreasonable manner of comprehending the world. Birdy? s attack to life reveals general truths of this universe. It shows that if we want to happen the right manner in our lives we can merely make it by looking for it in ourselves. The reader at some point may inquire about the psychological facets of homo? s behavior, inquiring such inquiries as: What is truly needed to continue one? s felicity, to be truly free? Is it really possible? Can we do us believe that everything has a intent? Al and Birdy have aims for their lives but they are non capable of seting to societal stereotypes. They invariably run off from them, seeking for something new. Wharton? s technique of portraying the fictional universe is a really specific one. The reader gets to cognize all the events from different positions. The universe is perceived through Al? s and Birdy? s eyes. The inside informations of the male childs? past life are shown by agencies of retrospection. Wharton # 8217 ; s authorship is frequently dark and incorporates phantasmagoric elements aggressively contrasted against splanchnic world. In his head, Birdy lives as a bird, and the description of that life has a dreamy, unreal quality. Through his friend Al, we see the world of his life: the grim veteran # 8217 ; s infirmary, the detached staff, Birdy # 8217 ; s hapless physical province. The differing elements suit together to organize a whole life, even if it is a life given over to madness. The narrative shows that in the hunt of freedom one has to travel through existent and metaphysical labyrinth. It is the lone thing Birdy needs to wing thought the deepnesss of life. He pr oves that the existent art of life is to do the impossible, possible. In many ways, Wharton? s position of the universe is true. By a characteristic manner of showing the fictional universe, the reader has the chance to introduce with the huge psychological portrayals of characters. We get to cognize non merely au naturel facts, but besides interior ideas and the emotions that accompany them. That is why the reader can comprehend the fictional universe through different positions and place with the characters. Wharton by agencies of field and straightforward linguistic communication expresses deeper ideas. Fictional characters? actions become symbolic and can be interpreted on different evidences.

Legislative Acts (Evolution of Management Class) Essay

Legislative Acts (Evolution of Management Class) - Essay Example ERISA ensures that employees get their due benefits within the given time in a reasonable and just manner. Employees get surety and contentment that at their retirement age, they will get income security and welfare plans. As ERISA is related to employees working in any organization, therefore, the act is quite influential in business sector. The employees get satisfaction related to their retirement and there is a sense of hopefulness that they will not be left unattended at their retirement age. Due to this act and its implementation, the employees are encouraged to work in any business sector with job and income security. They do not face problems regarding their retirement as according to the act, they have their due rights such as income security and welfare plans associated with retirement. The United States department of Labor ensures that employers or other authorities, who are responsible for violating the act, are taken under check considering civil action. Criminal penalties are also imposed on the violators of the act due to which, the employers are restricted to take care of their employees (United States Department of Labor, 2009). Due to ERISA, the business is influenced to a great extent as the employers as well as employees, everyone is aware of his rights and the reaction of violating the act. The employees get a sense of security while the employers get a sense of responsibility towards his employees. ERISA is quite a significant act as it ensures that employees get their due rights even at their retirement. The act fulfils the tenets of humanistic era as the employees get reward for their work and get a sense of contentment related to their jobs with businesses. Employees are able to recognize their hardships and works related to their jobs and are also able to gain knowledge about their rights according to their jobs. ERISA makes sure that employees get what they are to get because of their jobs. The employer

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Analysis - Case Study Example In the United States McDonalds is considered responsible for the increasing rate of obesity in the country and is alleged of promoting unhealthy food products and thus it has created a threat for the company. For an effective sustainability of the company, it is essential to adopt an effective marketing strategy that would promote healthy food products as well as the health risks from their consumption (Currie, Vigna, Moretti and Pathania 1-41). McDonalds are taking steps to enhance its image through promoting healthy foods. McDonald’s is among the largest fast food companies that operate all over the world having its head quarter in the United States. For the past several years, company is facing several issues regarding their marketing strategy as well as harmful impacts on the people due to the consumption of their fast food. It has been found through survey that a higher percentage of obesity all over the world including the United States is caused due to increasing rate of consumption of fast food. This is creating a threat for McDonalds brand image in the USA. However, McDonalds is using various marketing strategies to promote its food as healthy. Obesity is generally a metabolic disorder through which excess fat is accumulated in the body that negatively affects the health condition of an individual, leading to other chronic diseases. Level of obesity is measured with the help of Body Mass Index (BMI) and an individual in the Western countries are considered as obese if his/her BMI exceeds 30 kg/m2 . The reason for the increasing rate of obesity in the United States is considered due to the high intake of fast food and less physical activity. However, the government of the United States considered McDonalds as the main culprit for the increasing rate of obesity in the country and implemented various policies for restricting the marketing activities that would make fool of the people. In the year 2003, two obesity suits were made

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Realistic in nursing - Essay Example However, it is worth noting that nurses are also humans and are prone to common problems that affect humans. The only difference is that nurses have information. It can be argued that practicing what they teach is the problem due to extraneous factors. For example, nurses may advice diabetes patients on diet. However, they themselves may be unable to follow the diet they prescribe to patient and hence, they become diabetic. Physical and mental situation can be a genetic condition. It follows that a nurse may be unable to control it despite having information. In such situations, it becomes an irony or sarcastic for such a nurse to advice a patient who has the same condition. Such situations may demoralize a nurse to start doubting his or her importance. As such, patients should first consider nurses as human beings who are prone to health problems instead of expecting them to be perfect in terms of

WST Abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WST Abstract - Essay Example Changing the perception of women as leaders can lead to more cooperation, increase innovation and profits in all workplaces where the women will be given a chance to lead. Creating role models and steps necessary to motivate and encourage young women to join leadership positions will help kill the stereotypes that only men can take some job positions. This will not only balance gender in top leadership jobs but also give women a chance to exercise and deploy their skills in success of the economy. It will also give them a chance to prove to the world that women can also do whatever men can do. Creating more women leader will address gender parity regarding to transition from college to workplaces. A larger percentage of women graduate from colleges worldwide but these percentages are not translated to workplaces. This simply because girls are discouraged from being aggressive, ambitious, taking risks and self-advocacy. This explains why the best brains among women, upon exit from college do not get those top jobs across all the sectors. Creating an environment for women to thrive enables others to understand that success of women is not based on luck but on working hard. Women may have not been able to get into top jobs in the past but empowering them and making them understand that failure is not lack of ability; it is because of lack of opportunity and a good environment for them to thrive as men. In conclusion, it’s clear that gender racialized economic injustice in our modern society can be encountered by empowering women, motivating them and creating an environment for more women to join leadership. Studies have shown that women make better managers and make business thrive. So, empowering more women to join leadership not only solves the racialized economic injustice but also make businesses to

Transcultural Nursing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transcultural Nursing Paper - Essay Example Leininger (2001) has stated that "The primary goals of transcultural community - based nursing are to help people of different and similar cultures maintain their health, prevent illnesses or disabilities, and die in culturally congruent and meaningful ways" (p.220).Thus this innovative form of nursing is becoming increasingly important in health care. In light of the above facts it is necessary to promote cultural sensitivity among nurses providing community health care, identify the challenges that are likely to hinder the implementation of a nursing framework that seeks to ensure culturally competent care and to pinpoint the resources available in the community that assist in transcultural nursing. In doing so it would be possible to ascertain practices that are conducive to promoting transcultural nursing and to determine ways in which it might be practiced more effectively. In order to promote cultural sensitivity among nurses it is important to impress upon them the significant role culture plays in individual lives. Cultural beliefs and tenets exert a profound influence on the way people choose to act, live their lives and make their decisions. According to Leininger (2001), "Humans are culturally rooted, acting and making decisions daily that are based on largely unspoken values, beliefs, and cultural community lifeways" (p. 222). Keeping this in mind, nurses are likely to be more sensitive to cultural practices which they might otherwise dismiss as eccentric or ridiculous. In this context, it is possible to promote cultural sensitivity by putting nurses into intimate contact with their own often forgotten cultural roots. This will enable them to identify with their patients who care deeply for their culture. Nurses should be made cognizant of the fact that incorporating transcultural knowledge and skills with their existing scientific practices can go a long way in making things easier and more effective for them when it comes to dealing with patients, particularly the recalcitrant ones. Failure to provide care that is compatible with individual cultures is likely to be met with resistance, hostility, fear and a lack of cooperation. This can impair or even endanger the health of the patient. And since the spirit of community nursing is all about helping in the healing process and putting patients on the road to recovery, nurses should pull out all stops to ensure that the patient's health does not suffer because of their own cultural ignorance. The scope for community - based transcultural nursing is on the rise as immigrants from every corner of the globe throng to the United States of America. Taking care of their health needs entails being aware of their cultural beliefs and expectations. Nurses need to be aware of this fact in order to serve the patient to the best of their abilities, otherwise they might find their existing skills are obsolete and useless in the face of increasing ethnic diversity. Leininger (2001) reports that "Many nurses said they had to almost completely relearn nursing from a different perspective because many of their previous nursing ideas did not fit with specific cultures" (p. 222). Such reports from experienced nurses along with information on multiculturalism and its impact on community health care management may be used to promote cultur

Art as a Spiritual Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art as a Spiritual Practice - Essay Example When practiced properly and with full attention it can prove to be a staircase to where one wishes to go. It can show you the way towards consciousness if the person is seriously interested. And here art refers to any kind of a creative act; whether it be drawing, painting, pottery, sculpture, or even performing arts such as dancing, singing or acting. Each of these activities requires proper concentration on the part of the performer and cannot be taken as a joke if one really wishes to attain proficiency and work out professionally. And when one is serious regarding art he may be able to look at it as a spiritual discipline. Ann Biddle was a dancer who expresses her spirituality through such means. She had had a tough early life and she was always interested in God and spiritual disciplines, such that she looked for them in her talents. She danced, acted and chanted. And in each of these activities, she was able to find the spirituality she had been in search of. In fact, she even got some ideas for her work when engrossed in spiritual practices. Another example is that of Willi Singleton who understood pottery as a form of spiritual practice. He did not look at pottery as something through which he supplied people with pots and plates; in fact, he gave his work a totally new meaning and found spirituality in it. When he is working he experiences a meditative transformation and thus this practice becomes a meditation for him. Lydia Garcia is yet another lady who found spirituality in art, wood carving in her case. Her marriages did not bring her much happiness and she let go after three marriages and looked for spirituality. She admits that whenever depression visited her and she felt low it was a spirituality that helped her regain comfort and confidence.  

THE EFFECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BALANCED SCORECARD (BSC) ON Dissertation

THE EFFECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BALANCED SCORECARD (BSC) ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN A SAUDI COMPANY - Dissertation Example 3. Analysis of the industry Saudi Arabia is one of the most powerful economies worldwide – even if it is not yet fully developed; the country has been a member of the WTO since 2005 (Abdallah, 2007), a fact that has been proved quite important for its economy. In accordance with a recent report of KPMG, Saudi Arabia is considered as ‘the 13th best place to do business’ (Fozan 2009). One of the key characteristics of the country’s banking sector is its dependency on the principles of Islamic finance (Mena FN 2011), a fact that should be taken into consideration when evaluating the potential effects of the Balanced Scorecard Model on the financial performance of banks in the particular country. The performance of the country in regard to each particular industrial sector is presented below in Graph 1. It is clear that the financial services sector of the specific country is of key importance for the national economy; the identification of methods that could e nhance the performance of firms operating in this industry would be of significant value – in terms of the expected benefits for the country’s economy. ... 4. Research problem The use of Balanced Scorecard as a strategic tool for supporting the performance of firms in the banking sector has been often characterized by failures; for firms in the banking sector of Saudi Arabia could a different result be expected? 4.1 Issues addressed in the research The research developed for this study focuses on the examination of the following issues: a) the theoretical framework of the Balanced Scorecard, b) the practical aspects/ requirements of the Balanced Scorecard when is used as a strategic tool for supporting the financial performance of modern firms, c) the expected benefits and the potential drawbacks of the Balanced Scorecard both in the short and the long term; reference will be made particularly to the effects of the Balanced Scorecard on the financial performance of firms in the banking sector, d) the use of Balanced Scorecard as a strategic tool in the banking sector of Saudi Arabia – referring to the presentation of the level at which the Balanced Scorecard is used by firms in the banking industry of the particular country, e) the expected requirements of the Balanced Scorecard if its implementation is attempted in firms operating in the banking industry of Saudi Arabia, f) the effects that the implementation of the Balanced Scorecard would be expected to have on the financial performance of banks in Saudi Arabia. 4.2 Issues excluded from the research The following issues will not be included in the research: a) the potential use of other similar models for the support of the financial performance of banks in Saudi Arabia, b) the potential combination of Balanced Scorecard with other

Poetry Essay Example for Free

Poetry Essay The poem described the speaker’s longing and hope for her happiness in life. As she raises everyday, she depicts life at its best to fulfill her joy and contentment even if she is alone. The four stanza poem discussed the character’s identity and idea towards joy and contentment in life. The speaker wants to convey to her readers that whatever circumstances they may have; it is a great start to thank God for a new day of life. The first stanza discussed the emotions of the speaker as she faces the new day. The second stanza discussed how she thanked her creator for the new beginning of challenges and happiness. The third stanza discussed how the speaker prayed for the people around her whether they are in the same race or not. The last stanza described how the earth is filled with gladness if equality and justice exist. The speaker described her prayer through this poem. It is a selfless desire to transform the earth into salvation and peace despite of all the injustices and social inequality. On the other way around, the title also described the wholeness of the poem. It serves as the identity and apparent illusion of the poem. The title of this poem showed the main idea of the poem as it reveals the attack of the poet. In conclusion to this, it can be said that the poem is too short to read and understand. The poem has simple thoughts to convey to its readers. The attack of the poet showed how prayer becomes powerful despite of all the troubles and fears of the society.

Genetically modified organism Essay Example for Free

Genetically modified organism Essay Everywhere where you go, there are fast food companies advertising their products. You take a road trip to your familys house, and what do you see? Rest stops filled with fast food restaurants. According to Google maps, there are close to 50,000 fast food chains across the United States. (with Mcdonalds being the largest restaurant chain. ) Fast food companies go above and beyond to lure you to buy their products. But what exactly is in their food? Not many people look into that. All theyre looking for is a quick fix and convenient food. But, what is this food doing to your body? How do you know what youre eating is good for you? In this essay, I explain in full detail about the pros and cons of consuming fast food. During the past 20 years, there has been a dramatic increase in obesity in the U. S; and Also an increase in obesity-related medical problems. Such problems include: including type II diabetes, hypertension, caridiovascular disease, ect. In particular, diabetes has become the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. Whats the cause of this? Genetic modification is a process in which the genetic make up of living organisms such as plants, animals bacteria, ect are altered. Thus the resulting organism is called genetically modified, genetic engineered or transgenic. By using the genetic information from one organism and inserting or modifying it into another organism, scientists can make food crops stay fresher, grow bigger, and have the crops create their own pesticides. Over the past 10 years, food has been improved in many ways. Before the second World War, all American beef was grass-finished, meaning that cattle ate pasture grass for the duration of their lives. Today, the vast majority of cattle spend anywhere from 60-120 days in feedlots being fattened with grain before being slaughtered. Most cattle today are being fed genetically modified corn, thanks to the Monsanto Corporation. Monsanto Corporation has been feeding the world with its genetically engineered food crops for many years. In 2001, Monsantos genetically modified crops accounted for 91% of the total area of genitcally modified crops planted worldwide. This resulted in Monsanto suing good farmers for copyright infringement. Monsantos crops would spread to neighborhood crops, and contaminate their vegetables. When farmers purchase a patented seed variety, they sign an agreement that they will not save and replant seeds produced from the seed they buy from Monsanto. They CANNOT outline the rules of use, for example, they are not allowed to save any of the seed from their crop to plant the next season. Saving seed is a common practice used for thousands of years, but Monsanto forbids it, requiring farmers to buy new seeds from the company every year. This moves on to farmers feeding their cattle genetically engineered maize. In factory farms in eastern Colorado, genetically modified corn grows next to the confined animal pens. Its DNA-altered pollen is blown over the stockyards, adding further to the contamination of the animals. Even worse, the urine-soaked manure from these animals is recycled as fertilizer in the adjacent corn fields, then contaminating the soil. That cycle of genetically modified toxin is then passed on to you in your meat. This brings us to beef sold in markets and in fast food chains. The artifical growth hormones in beef production poses a potential risk to human health. These six hormones include three which are naturally occurring: Oestradiol, Progesterone, and Testosterone; and three which are synthetic: Zeranol, Trenbolone, and Melengestrol. People have also questioned whether hormone residues in the meat of growth enhanced animals can disrupt human hormone balance, causing developemental problems, interfering with the reproductive system, and even leading to the developement of breast, prostate or colon cancer. Fast food chains such as Mcdonalds claims to use 100% beef though, that isnt entirely true. Americans are literally bombarded with ads for McDonals, Burger King, and Wendys. Icons like Michael Jordan to Drew Bledsoe are featured in Mcdonalds ads.. Even children are lured into their restaurants with the indoor playgrounds, and must have toys. Little do people know that consuming fast food can cause serious health damage. 52 million people are served at Mcdonalds daily, worldwide. 27 million americans out of that 52 eat Mcdonalds daily. Mcdonalds restaurants today seldom have their nutritional information charts up but which to be fair, isnt very nutritional at all. Their Big Mac is made up of 450 calories, 29 grams of fat, 1040 grams of sodium, and 9 grams of sugar. This is way too unhealthy. Mcdonalds promote their food as nutritious, but the reality is that it is junk food. Its high in fat, sugar and salt, and low in fiber and vitamins. Most Americans today eat fast food atleast 3-4 times a month. A diet of this type is linked with a greater risk of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and other diseases. A good question is how does Mcdonalds sell their cheeseburger so cheap? Heres how. Rumor has it that their meat is made from eyeballs, and intestines. Well, not true. Those things have a distinctly different texture and flavor than even the most finely ground muscle meat (Also more expensive. ) Mcdonalds meat is scraps of meat from the tough parts of the animal that arent sold at higher prices at your local grocery store. Its the strips, and scraps, and the unedible parts of the animal. This, obviously, is not fit for human consumption. But, there is technology in America that can turn that into edible food we eat today in fast food restaurants. After it being stripped of its fat, its then soaked in ammonia. The ammonia kills the pathogens lurking in the meat (E-Coli, Salmonella, ect.) It is then drained, and minced. After thats done, its shipped off to be sold at the cheapest price on their menu. Mcdonalds isnt the main reason why most Americans are obese, though their highly processed food is full of high fructose corn syrup all of which CAUSES obesity, heart disease, and diabetes, the amount of food and the frequent visits Americans choose is what causes the obesity. So, as you can see, genetically modified food has had a huge impact on American life. Advertising of unhealthy foods and products have spread worldwide and dangered the lives of many people (diabetes, hypertension, cardiovasular disease, ect).

Load Flow Analysis For Electricity Supply Engineering Essay

Load Flow Analysis For Electricity Supply Engineering Essay Power flow studies, commonly referred to as load flow, are essential of power system analysis and design. Load flow studies are necessary for planning, economic operation, scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. Load flow study is also required for many other analyses such as transient stability, dynamic stability, contingency and state estimation. Network equations can be formulated in a variety of forms. However, node voltage method is commonly used for power system analysis. The network equations which are in the nodal admittance form results in complex linear simultaneous algebraic equations in terms of node currents. The load flow results give the bus voltage magnitude and phase angles and hence the power flow through the transmission lines, line losses and power injection at all the buses. 1.1 BUS Classification Four quantities are associated with each bus. These are voltage magnitude, phase angle ÃŽÂ ´, real power P and reactive power Q. In a load flow study, two out of four quantities are specified and the remaining two quantities are to be obtained through the solutions of equations. The system buses are generally classified into three categories. Slack bus: Also known as swing bus and taken as reference where the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are specified. This bus provides the additional real and reactive power to supply the transmission losses, since there are unknown until the final solution is obtained. Load buses: Also know as PQ bus. At these buses the real and reactive powers are specified. The magnitude and phase angle of the bus voltage are unknown until the final solution is obtained. Voltage controlled buses: Also known as generator buses or regulated buses or P- buses. At these buses, the real power and voltage magnitude are specified. The phase angles of the voltages and the reactive power are unknown until the final solution is obtained. The limits on the value of reactive power are also specified. The following table summarizes the above discussion: 1.2 BUS Admittance Matrix In order to obtain the bus-voltage equations, consider the sample 4-bus power system as shown in Fig. 1.1 1.1 The impedance diagram of sample 4-bus power system For simplicity resistances of the lines are neglected and the impedances shown in Fig.1.1 are expressed in per-unit on a common MVA base. Now impedances are converted to admittance, i.e, = 1.1 Fig.1.2 shows the admittance diagram and transformation to current sources and injects currents at buses 1 and 2 respectively. Node 0 (normally ground) is taken as reference. 1.2 the admittance diagram of 1.1 Applying KCL to the independent nodes 1,2,3,4 we have Rearranging the above equations, we get Let, The node equations reduce to Note that ,in Fig.1.2, there is no connection between bus 1 and bus 4, so Above equations can be written in matrix form, 1.2 or in general 1.3 Where vevtor of the injected currents (the current is positive when flowing into the bus and negative when flowing out of the bus) admittance matrix. Diagonal element of Y matrix is known as self-admittance or driving point admittance, i.e. 1.4 Off-diagonal element of y matrix is known as transfer admittance or mutual admittance, i.e. 1.5 can be obtained from equation (1.3), i.e. 1.6 From Fig.1.2, elements of Y matrix can be written as: So 1.3 BUS Loading Equations Consider i-th bus of a power system as shown in Fig.7.4. transmission lines are represented by their equivalent à Ã¢â€š ¬ models. is the total charging admittance at bus i. Fig 1.4: i-th bus of a power system Net injected current into the bus I can be written as : 1.7 Let us define 1.8 Or 1.9 The real and reactive power injected at bus is is 1.10 From equations 7.9 and 7.10 we get 1.11 1.12 1.4 BUS Impedance Matrix The bus impedance matrix for en t 1T nodes can be written as Unlike the bus admittance matrix, the bus impedance matrix cannot be formed by simple examination of the network circuit. The bus impedance matrix can be formed by the following methods: à ¢- Inversion of the admittance matrix à ¢- By open circuit testing à ¢- By step-by-step formation à ¢- From graph theory Direct inversion of the Y matrix is rarely implemented in computer applications. Certain assumptions in forming the bus impedance matrix are: 1. The passive network can be shown within a closed perimeter, (Fig.1.3). It includes the impedances of all the circuit components, transmission lines, loads, transformers, cables, and generators. The nodes of interest are brought out of the bounded network, and it is excited by a unit generated voltage Fig.1.3 Representation of a network as passive elements with loads and faults excluded. The nodes of interest are pulled out of the network and unit voltage is applied at the common node. 2. The network is passive in the sense that no circulating currents flow in the network. Also, the load currents are negligible with respect to the fault currents. For any currents to flow an external path (a fault or load) must exist. 3. All terminals marked 0 are at the same potential. All generators have the same voltage magnitude and phase angle and are replaced by one equivalent generator connected between 0 and a node. For fault current calculations a unit voltage is assumed 1.5 POWER IN AC CIRCUITS The concepts of instantaneous power, average power, apparent power, and reactive power are fundamental and are briefly discussed here. Consider lumped impedance Z, excited by a sinusoidal voltage E (1.13) (1.14) The first term is the average time-dependent power, when the voltage and current waveforms consist only of fundamental components. The second term is the magnitude of power swing. Equation (1.2) can be written as (1.15) The first term is the power actually exhausted in the circuit and the second term is power exchanged between the source and circuit, but not exhausted in the circuit. The active power is measured in watts and is defined as (1.16) The reactive power is measured in var and is defined as: (1.17) These relationships are shown in Fig. 1.4; cosÃŽÂ ¸ is called the power factor (PF) of the circuit, and ÃŽÂ ¸ is the power factor angle. The apparent power in VA is given by (1.18) The power factor angle is generally defined as (1.19) If cosÃŽÂ ¸=1, Q=0. Such a load is a unity power factor load. Except for a small percentage of loads, i.e., resistance heating and incandescent lighting, the industrial, commercial, or residential loads operate at lagging power factor. As the electrical equipment is rated on a kVA basis, a lower power factor derates the equipment and limits its capacity to supply active power loads. The reactive power flow and control is one important aspect of power flow. The importance of power factor (reactive power) control can be broadly stated as: à ¢- Improvement in the active power handling capability of transmission lines. à ¢- Improvement in voltage stability limits. à ¢- Increasing capability of existing systems: the improvement in power factor for release of a certain per unit kVA capacity can be calculated from Eq. (10.6): where PFimp is improved power factor, PFext is existing power factor, and kVAava is kVA made available as per unit of existing kVA. à ¢- Reduction in losses: the active power losses are reduced as these are proportional to the square of the current. With PF improvement, the current per unit for the same active power delivery is reduced. The loss reduction is given by the expression: Where Lossred is reduction in losses in per unit with improvement in power factor from PFext to PFimp. An improvement of power factor from 0.7 to 0.9 reduces the losses by 39.5% à ¢- . Improvement of transmission line regulation: the power factor improvement improves the line regulation by reducing the voltage drops on load flow. All these concepts may not be immediately clear and are further developed. Fig 1.4 1.5.1 Complex Power If the voltage vector is expressed as A t jB and the current vector as C t jD, then by convention the volt-ampe`res in ac circuits are vectorially expressed as E= (A +jB) (C- jD) = AC +BD +j(BC-AD) = P+ jQ (1.20) where P = AC t BD is the active power and Q BC _ AD is the reactive power; I_ is the conjugate of I. This convention makes the imaginary part representing reactive power negative for the leading current and positive for the lagging current. This is the convention used by power system engineers. If a conjugate of voltage, instead of current, is used, the reactive power of the leading current becomes positive. The power factor is given by cosÃŽÂ ¸= (1.21) 1.5.2 Conservation of Energy The conservation of energy concept (Tellegens theorem) is based on Kirchoff laws and states that the power generated by the network is equal to the power consumed by the network (inclusive of load demand and losses). If i1; i2; i3; . . . ; in are the currents and v1; v2; v3; . . . ; vn the voltages of n single-port elements connected in any manner: (1.22) This is an obvious conclusion. Also, in a linear system of passive elements, the complex power, active power, and reactive power should summate to zero: (1.23) (1.24) (1.25) 1.6 POWER FLOW IN A NODAL BRANCH The modeling of transmission lines is unique in the sense that capacitance plays a significant role and cannot be ignored, except for short lines of length less than approximately 50 miles (80 km). Let us consider power flow over a short transmission line. As there are no shunt elements, the line can be modeled by its series resistance and reactance, load, and terminal conditions. Such a system may be called a nodal branch in load flow or a two-port network. The sum of the sending end and receiving end active and reactive powers in a nodal branch is not zero, due to losses in the series admittance Ysr (Fig. 1.5). Let us define Ysr, the admittance of the series elements= j or Z= zl= l(+j)= + =1/Ysr, where l is the length of the line. The sending end power is = Where is conjugate.This gives where sending end voltage is Vs and, at the receiving end: If is neglected: where ÃŽÂ ´ in the difference between the sending end and receiving end voltage vector angles= (. For small values of delta, the reactive power equation can be written as Fig1.5 Power flow over a two-port line. where is the voltage drop. For a short line it is Therefore, the transfer of real power depends on the angle ÃŽÂ ´, called the transmission angle, and the relative magnitudes of the sending and receiving end voltages. As these voltages will be maintained close to the rated voltages, it is mainly a function of ÃŽÂ ´. The maximum power transfer occurs at ÃŽÂ ´=90(steady-state stability limit). The reactive power flows is in the direction of lower voltage and it is independent of ÃŽÂ ´. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. For small resistance of the line, the real power flow is proportional to sin ÃŽÂ ´. It is a maximum at ÃŽÂ ´=90ËÅ ¡. For stability considerations the value is restricted to below ÃŽÂ ´=90ËÅ ¡. The real power transfer rises with the rise in the transmission voltage. 2. The reactive power flow is proportional to the voltage drop in the line, and is independent of ÃŽÂ ´. The receiving end voltage falls with increase in reactive power demand. 2.1 Practical Load Flow The requirements for load flow calculations vary over a wide area, from small industrial systems to large automated systems for planning, security, reactive power compensation, control, and on-line management. The essential requirements are: à ¢- High speed, especially important for large systems à ¢- Convergence characteristics, which are of major consideration for large systems, and the capability to handle ill-conditioned systems. à ¢- Ease of modifications and simplicity. i.e. adding, deleting, and changing system components, generator outputs, loads, and bus types. à ¢- Storage requirement, which becomes of consideration for large systems The size of the program in terms of number of buses and lines is important. Practically, all programs will have data reading and editing libraries, capabilities of manipulating system variables, adding or deleting system components, generation, capacitors, or slack buses. Programs have integrated databases, i.e., the impedance data for short-circuit or load flow calculations need not be entered twice, and graphic user interfaces. Which type of algorithm will give the speediest results and converge easily is difficult to predict precisely. Table.2.1 shows a comparison of earlier Z and Y matrix methods. Most programs will incorporate more than one solution method. While the Gauss-Seidel method with acceleration is still an option for smaller systems, for large systems some form of the NR decoupled method and fast load-flow algorithm are commonly used, especially for optimal power flow studies. Speed can be accelerated by optimal ordering .In fast decoupled load flow the convergence is geometric, and less than five iterations are required for practical accuraci es. If differentials are calculated efficiently the speed of the fast decoupled method can be even five times that of the NR method. Fast decoupled load flow is employed in optimization studies and in contingency evaluation for system security. The preparations of data, load types, extent of system to be modeled and specific problems to be studied are identified as a first step. The data entry can be divided into four main categories: bus data, branch data, transformers and phase shifters, and generation and load data. Shunt admittances, i.e., switched capacitors and reactors in required steps, are represented as fixed admittances. Apart from voltages on the buses, the study will give branch power flows; identify transformer taps, phase-shifter angles, loading of generators and capacitors, power flow from swing buses, load demand, power factors, system losses, and overloaded system components. No. Compared parameter Y matrix Z matrix Remarks 1 Digital computer memory requirements Small Large Sparse matrix techniques easily applied to Y matrix 2 Preliminary calculations Small Large Software programs can basically operate from the same data input 3 Convergence characteristics Slow, may not converge at all Strong Both methods may slow down on large systems 4 System modifications Easy Slightly difficult See text 2.2 Y-Matrix Method The Y-matrix iterative methods were the very first to be applied to load flow calculations on the early generation of digital computers. This required minimum storage, however, may not converge on some load flow problems. This deficiency in Y-matrix methods led to Z-matrix methods, which had a better convergence, but required more storage and slowed down on large systems. Some buses may be designated as PQ buses while the others are designated as PV buses. At a PV bus the generator active power output is known and the voltage regulator controls the voltage to a specified value by varying the reactive power output from the generator. There is an upper and lower bound on the generator reactive power output depending on its rating, and for the specified bus voltage, these bounds should not be violated. If the calculated reactive power exceeds generator Qmax, then Qmax is set equal to Q. If the calculated reactive power is lower than the generator Qmin, then Q is set equal to Qmin. At a PQ bus, neither the current, nor the voltage is known, except that the load demand is known. A mixed bus may have generation and also directly connected loads. The characteristics of these three types of buses are shown in Table 2-1. Bus type Known variable Unknown variable PQ Active and reactive power Current and voltage PV Active power and voltage Current and reactive power Swing Voltage Current, active and reactive power 2.2.1 GAUSS AND GAUSS-SEIDEL Y-MATRIX METHODS The principal of Jacobi iteration is shown in Fig. 2.1. The program starts by setting initial values of voltages, generally equal to the voltage at the swing bus. In a well-designed power system, voltages are close to rated values and in the absence of a better estimate all the voltages can be set equal to 1 per unit. From node power constraint, the currents are known and substituting back into the Y-matrix equations, a better estimate of voltages is obtained. These new values of voltages are used to find new values of currents. The iteration is continued until the required tolerance on power flows is obtained. This is diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 2.1. Starting from an initial estimate of, the final value of x* is obtained through a number of iterations. The basic flow chart of the iteration process is shown in Fig. 2.2 Fig2.1 Illustration of numerical iterative process for final value of a function Fig. 2.2 Flow chart of basic iterative process of Jacobi-type iterations 2.2.2 Gauss Iterative Technique Consider that n linear equations in n unknowns () are given. The a coefficients and b dependent variables are known: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. These equations can be written as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (2.1) An initial value for each of the independent variables is assumed. Let these values be denoted by The initial values are estimated as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. These are substituted into Eq. (2.1), giving à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. These new values of are substituted into the next iteration. In general, at the k-th iteration: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 2.2.3 Gauss-Seidel Y-Matrix Method In load flow calculations the system equations can be written in terms of current, voltage, or power at the k-th node. We know that the matrix equation in terms of unknown voltages, using the bus admittance matrix for n+ 1 node, is Although the currents entering the nodes from generators and loads are not known, these can be written in terms of P, Q, and V: The convention of the current and power flow is important. Currents entering the nodes are considered positive, and thus the power into the node is also positive. A load draws power out of the node and thus the active power and inductive vars are entered as:-p j (-Q) =-p + j Q. The current is then (-P + j Q)/. The nodal equal of current at the k-th node becomes: In general, for the k-th node: (2.2) The k-th bus voltage at r + 1 iteration can be written as (2.3) The voltage at the k-th node has been written in terms of itself and the other voltages. The first equation involving the swing bus is omitted, as the voltage at the swing bus is already specified in magnitude and phase angle. The Gauss-Seidel procedure can be summarized for PQ buses in the following steps: 1: Initial phasor values of load voltages are assumed, the swing bus voltage is known, and the controlled bus voltage at generator buses can be specified. Though an initial estimate of the phasor angles of the voltages will accelerate the final solution, it is not necessary and the iterations can be started with zero degree phase angles or the same phase angle as the swing bus. A flat voltage start assumes 1 + j0 voltages at all buses, except the voltage at the swing bus, which is fixed. 2: Based on the initial voltages, the voltage at a bus in the first iteration is calculated using Eq. (2.2) 3: The estimate of the voltage at bus 2 is refined by repeatedly finding new values of by substituting the value of into the right-hand side of the equation. 4: The voltages at bus 3 are calculated using the latest value of found in step 3 and similarly for other buses in the system. This completes one iteration. The iteration process is repeated for the entire network till the specified convergence is obtained. A generator bus is treated differently; the voltage to be controlled at the bus is specified and the generator voltage regulator varies the reactive power output of the generator within its reactive power capability limits to regulate the bus voltage: where stands for the imaginary part of the equation. The revised value of is found by substituting the most updated value of voltages: For a PV bus the upper and lower limits of var generation to hold the bus voltage constant are also given. The calculated reactive power is checked for the specified limits: If the calculated reactive power falls within the specified limits, the new value of voltage is calculated using the specified voltage magnitude and. This new value of voltage is made equal to the specified voltage to calculate the new phase angle. If the calculated reactive power is outside the specified limits, then, This means that the specified limits are not exceeded and beyond the reactive power bounds, the PV bus is treated like a PQ bus. A flow chart is shown in Fig. 2.3 2.3 Newton-Rapson Method Newton-Raphson method is an iterative method which approximates the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear equations using Taylors series expansion and the terms are restricted to first order approximation. 2.3.1 Simultaneous Equations The Taylor series is applied to n nonlinear equations in n unknowns, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. As a first approximation, the unknowns represented by the initial values can be substituted into the above equations, where are the first estimates of n unknowns. On transposing Where is abbreviated as The original nonlinear equations have been reduced to linear equations in The subsequent approximations are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Or in matrix form: The matrix of partial derivatives is called a Jacobian matrix. This result is written as This means that determination of unknowns requires inversion of the Jacobian 2.3.2 Rectangular Form of Newton-Rapson Method of Load Flow The power flow equation at a PQ node is Voltage can be written as: Thus, the power is ] ] Equating the real and imaginary parts, the active and reactive power at a PQ node is: where and are functions of and . Starting from the initial values, new values are found which differ from the initial values by and (First iteration) (First iteration) For a PV node (generator bus) voltage and power are specified. The reactive power equation is replaced by a voltage equation: 2.3.3 Polar Form of Jacobian Matrix The voltage equation can be written in polar form: Thus the power is Equating real and imaginary terms: The Jacobian in polar form for the same four-bus system is The slack bus has no equation, because the active and reactive power at this bus is unspecified and the voltage is specified. At PV bus 4, the reactive power is unspecified and there is no corresponding equation for this bus in terms of the variable. The partial derivatives can be calculated as follows: 2.3.4 Calculation Procedure of Newton-Raphson Method The procedure is summarized in the following steps, and flow charts are shown in Figs 2.4 and 2.5 à ¢- Bus admittance matrix is formed. à ¢- Initial values of voltages and phase angles are assumed for the load (PQ) buses. Phase angles are assumed for PV buses. Normally, the bus voltages are set equal to the slack bus voltage, and phase angles are assumed equal to 0ËÅ ¡, i.e., a flat start. à ¢- Active and reactive powers, P and Q, are calculated for each load bus à ¢- P and Q can, therefore, be calculated on the basis of the given power at the buses à ¢- For PV buses, the exact reactive power are not specified, but its limits are known. If the calculated value of the reactive power is within limits, only P is calculated. If the calculated value of reactive power is beyond the specified limits, then an appropriate limit is imposed and Q is also calculated by subtracting the calculated value of the reactive power from the maximum specified limit. The bus under consideration is now treated as a PQ (load) bus. à ¢- The elements of the Jacobian matrix are calculated à ¢- This gives and à ¢- Using the new values ofand, the new values of voltages and phase angles are calculated. à ¢- The next iteration is started with these new values of voltage magnitudes and phase angles. à ¢- The procedure is continued until the required tolerance is achieved. This is generally 0.1kW and 0.1 kvar. Fig 2.4 Flow chart for NR method of load flow for PQ buses. Fig.2.5Flow chart for NR method of load flow for PV buses 2.3.5 Impact Loads and Motor Starting Load flow presents a frozen picture of the distribution system at a given instant, depending on the load demand. While no idea of the transients in the system for a sudden change in load application or rejection or loss of a generator or tie-line can be obtained, a steady-state picture is presented for the specified loading conditions. Each of these transient events can be simulated as the initial starting condition, and the load flow study rerun as for the steady-state case. Suppose a generator is suddenly tripped. Assuming that the system is stable after this occurrence, we can calculate the redistribution of loads and bus voltages by running the load flow calculations afresh, with generator 4 omitted. Similarly, the effect of an outage of a tie-line, transformer, or other system component can be studied. Table 2-2 Representation of Load Models in Load Flow 3. Conclusion Load flow is a solution of the steady-state operating conditions of a power system. It presents a frozen picture of a scenario with a given set of conditions and constraints. This can be a limitation, as the power systems operations are dynamic. In an industrial distribution system the load demand for a specific process can be predicted fairly accurately and a few load flow calculations will adequately describe the system. For bulk power supply, the load demand from hour to hour is uncertain, and winter and summer load flow situations, though typical, are not adequate. A moving picture scenario could be created from static snapshots, but it is rarely adequate in large systems having thousands of controls and constraints. Thus, the spectrum of load flow (power flow) embraces a large area of calculations, from calculating the voltage profiles and power flows in small systems to problems of on-line energy management and optimization strategies in interconnected large power systems. By the load flow studies which performed using digital computer simulations. I have a main idea of how a power networks power flow calculation operation, planning, running, and development of control strategies. Applied to large systems for optimization, security, and stability, the algorithms become complex and involved. While the study I have done above just a small part of the research and I think the treatment of load flow, and finally optimal power flow, will unfold in my following study.

Othello - Manipulation To Gain Power :: essays research papers

Othello: Manipulation To Gain Power     Manipulation is a very powerful word. People use this tactic everyday to get what they want in life. By deceiving people or tricking them into seeing a certain point of view, people gain power. To skillfully use the power of manipulation a person must use another person's weaknesses. By using a person's emotions against them, they can be manipulated with ease. In Shakespeare's Othello, the character of Iago uses these tactics almost to perfection to achieve his goals. 	The first scene of Act I illustrates Iago's use of manipulation. Iago knows that Roderigo is upset about losing Desdemona to Othello. Iago himself is angry at Othello for being passed over for promotion to lieutenant for Michael Cassio. Realizing that by playing on Roderigo's jealousy he can gain an ally to work against Othello. Iago does this in a subtle manner. He explains to Roderigo that he was passed up for promotion by Othello. While doing this he makes Othello look inferior by reinforcing the fact that he is a Moor. By pointing out that Othello is a Moor Iago causes Roderigo to become even more jealous, because of the fact that he lost Desdemona to someone who he feels is of a lesser race. It even seems that Iago is toying with Roderigo when he reveals that he is a fraud when he says, "I am not what I am." (I.i.62) By using these tactics, Iago has almost gained total control of Roderigo. 	Iago uses a different tactic to manipulate Brabantio. He changes Brabantio's way of looking at the marriage of his daughter Desdemona to Othello. He awakes Brabantio by saying "Awake! What, ho, Brabantio! Thieves! Thieves! Look to your house, your daughter, and your bags! Thieves! Thieves!" (I.i.76-78) By saying this, Iago shows a new perspective to Brabantio by insinuating that Othello has stolen his daughter. Iago reinforces this when he say's, 		Zounds, sir, y'are robbed! For shame. Put on your gown! 		Your heart is burst, you have lost half your soul. 		Even now, now, very now, an old black ram 		Is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! 		Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, 		Or else the devil will make you a grandsire of you. 		Arise, I say! (I.i.83-89) After hearing Iago speak, Brabantio has had his eyes open to a new perspective of the situation. Iago then begins to uses a new manipulative strategy, he starts using bestiality to describe Othello.

University Living as the Third Gender :: Journalism Journalistic Essays

University Living as the Third Gender In Thailand, they are called Kateoy or â€Å"Ladyboys.† In Burma, they are the Hijra and have the power to bless a child with fertility or curse it with impotence. In America, they are called transgendered, but the definition of the word is hard to pin down. â€Å"There are as many ways to be trans as there are trans people,† said Michael*, a 21-year-old Newton resident to Northeastern University’s bisexual, lesbian, gay, straight, transgendered, queer and questioning alliance (NuBiLAGA) meeting on Nov. 18. But Michael, who was born a female but now lives as a male, has his own definition. â€Å"A transgendered person is someone who does not fit with or identify with the gender identity or gender roles assigned at birth,† Michael said. The American Heritage Dictionary defines transgender as â€Å"Appearing as, wishing to be considered as, or having undergone surgery to become a member the opposite sex.† While often confused with cross-dressers who masquerade as the opposite sex on occasion, transgendered persons wish to permanently live as the opposite gender. Some opt to have surgery to match their anatomy with their lifestyle, some do not and just adopt the mannerism of the opposite gender. Scientific statistics and studies on transgendered persons border on non-existent. Since transgendered people often identify simply as male or female, it is difficult to get an accurate count of the trans population using official censuses which don’t denote â€Å"biological male/female† or â€Å"cultural male/female.† Transgendered people also cannot be included in counts of the gay and lesbian population, because if a person was biologically female, but identifies as a male and is attracted to females, they would consider themselves heterosexual and not a lesbian. As Michael addressed the group, his partner, Bailey*, a 21-year-old female to male transgendered resident of Jamaica Plains, drew four parallel lines on the dry erase board. One by one, Michael explained the significance of each line: sex, gender identity, gender expression and sexual orientation. The visual is what Michael uses to distinguish to people the differences between the terms and how each can function mutually exclusive from the others. He explained to the group that sex is dictated by chromosomes and genitalia. On one end of the spectrum is male, on the other is female and in the middle is intersex, commonly referred to hermaphrodite. On the gender expression line, Michael and Bailey created a spectrum from masculine to feminine, with androgynous or gender neutral in the middle; sexual orientation often divided between attraction to men or women.

Leadership Theories Essay -- Trait Theory

Trait Theory â€Å"Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal† (Northouse, 2010, pg. 3). In an increasingly politically correct, democratic society—where equality of treatment and equity of outcome oftentimes overshadow individual performance—trait theory of leadership has managed to survive. Instead of focusing on the context of a specific leadership situation or the subordinates in an organization, trait theory targets only the man or woman in charge. Essentially, trait theory suggests that potential leaders and great leaders who have already demonstrated success are best analyzed in a vacuum. While trait theory may have fallen in an out of favor over the past century, it does have certain advantages that are especially pertinent to those in the military. Before treading any further into its occupational applicability, however, the reader will benefit from a brief survey of trait theory’s origins, approach, strengths, and critiques. Origins Arguably the first approach to the study of leadership, the trait approach was employed in the field long before it was tackled in the classroom. After all, Sun Tzu preached â€Å"know your enemy† (Sun Tzu, 2006 pg. 34) long before Socrates entreated students to â€Å"know thyself† (Brickhouse, 1996, pg. 74). From ancient battlefields to philosophical mysteries, understanding the inherent characteristics of a person has proven a worthy goal. People’s aspirations to leadership however, had yet to be matched with a theoretical basis for many years. It was not until the early 20th century that the topic found itself under the scholar’s gaze. Approach Initial studies often focused on the â€Å"great man† approach, whereby already s... ... pg. 26). Together, trait theory and LMX theory can help explain not only how perceptions are formed about individuals, but how those perceptions can be detrimental to the organization. More specifically, by using trait theory to form an immediate assessment on an individual, a leader is more likely to place that individual in the in-group or out-group. As a future platoon leader, it is especially important for me to maintain a vigilant stance toward bias. As the stress of the position mounts, I know that I will be more likely to resort to spontaneous judgments about people. Depending how the given situation is resolved, the soldiers involved (or left uninvolved) may feel as if they are members of an in-group or out-group. By knowing and employing these and other theories to my advantage, I hope to emerge as an adaptable and deliberate leader of soldiers.

A Discussion of Paulo Freire’s Banking Concept of Education Essay

Freire implies that teachers are only telling students what to know rather than conversting with them, which explains why Freire insists that â€Å"education is suffering from narration sickness†(Freire 71). This means that he believes that educators only fill student’s minds with information, that the teacher feels is important, without providing the students the meaning and personal relevance that information has. By using this method, the student is oppressed by the teacher and unable to fulfill a complete state of consciousness. I can remember several times in my educational experiences where I have been the â€Å"depository† in Freire’s Banking Concept of Education, but no experience is more relative than my Organic Chemistry class three years ago where I learned that problem-solving education is vastly superior to banking-education because it allows students to acquire true understanding of their world and the ability to reach consciousness. During the summer of 2009, I took a summer semester of Organic Chemistry at University of California Berkeley. When I first entered the lecture hall, there were masses of people fighting for seats and some even resided to sitting on the floor or going into the side room to watch the lecture on television. As soon as the clock hit 9:00 am, five faculty members walked into the room: Professor Francis and four Graduate Student Instructors (GSIs). From the start, Dr. Francis went over the course structure, what it entailed, and how we as students could obtain help. While he was going over the syllabus information, he made one point extremely clear: â€Å"I cannot answer your personal questions during lecture time. If you have questions, please visit me during my office hours or please ask one of the GSIs. † After making that point, he transitioned into his lecture on functional groups; however, I was not following him. I immediately knew that this would be a lecture-only class, and I knew that I would need to write down every single note, diagram, or graph he showed us and memorize it for future examinations. Freire would acclaim that I would become a â€Å"depository† because I would simply allow Professor Francis to deposit his ‘knowledge’ into my mind without further question or thought. I would become a slave, oppressed by the very person who was supposed to free me (Freire 74). Dr. Francis continued in his slide show and a large slide labeled ‘Hydrocarbons’ appeared on the screen, and below the title were several different organic hydrocarbon functional groups, such as alkenes, alkanes, alkynes, benzenes, and toluene. He discussed each hydrocarbon in great depth and showed us students how to recognize them based on their bond sequences and patterns, how they react in the presence of other organic molecules, and how their chemical bonds affect water. After an exhaustive lecture of copying everything he said into my 12Ãâ€"8 notebook, he announced that we must memorize all of the hydrocarbon groups, and to be able to recognize them for an exam setting. Never once did he explain what what makes them important. I raised my hand at the end of the lecture, and asked him what the application of hydrocarbons are in the ‘real-world’. He replied not to worry about that, and that we needed to be able to recognize them and know how they function chemically, not practically, and why would he take the time to explain how hydrocarbons function? In order for Dr. Francis to keep his job, Freire asserts that, â€Å"the teacher must assume all of his students as ignorant†(Freire 72). This implies that if Dr. Francis had gone straight to the point and explained why hydrocarbons were important in the real world and in a laboratory setting, he wouldn’t have a job. It was his job to pick out extremely detailed and ‘useless’ properties and functionalities of hydrocarbons and make them seem important to us. By continuing to explain and confuse us students, he was able to maintain a shroud of ignorance over the student body, and from this, he justifies his job as absolute. This is what Freire refers to as the â€Å"cycle of ignorance† that continuously allows the teacher to keep his job because society believes that the ignorant students need him for their self-betterment. For the next several weeks, I adhered to Dr. Francis’s ‘Banking Style of Education’, and it worked. I received an A on every exam and test I took because I memorized and accepted the information Dr. Francis gave me without second thought. Freire feels that my total submission to the instructor was the reason for my success because he suggests that â€Å"The more meekly the receptacles permit themselves to be filled, the better students they are†(Freire 72). Freire’s explanation worries me because to know is not to know. Just because I could recognize different functional groups, which in the banking concept would make me a better student, did not mean that I could apply my understanding of organic chemistry to a real life situation because I hadn’t been taught to apply the information to anything at all. My ignorance and inability to grasp the true meanings and concepts of organic chemistry became extremely clear in the laboratory because the lab is where students take all of their knowledge and apply it to solve a problem or set of problems. After the first quarter of the summer semester, the laboratory portion of the course opened. My first assignment was to estimate the bond angles of methane, and at first I had no idea what to do because I had only been instructed to recognize methane and its bonding patters. I was never asked to manipulate the molecule’s properties to gain further understanding, and this caused me to realize that I was flawed because the ‘knowledge’ that I acquired was not mine, but Dr. Francis’ deposits of impractical segments of knowledge. With no idea where to start my laboratory or how to assess the assignment, I asked the Teaching Assistant (TA) for help. She simply replied, â€Å"Think about what you know about methane’s properties, and manipulate your knowledge so you can measure the bond angle. Needless to say, this was not helpful because I had no idea how to apply my knowledge and understanding because I was not taught to. I was simply an object who, according to Freire, â€Å"is in the world,† implying that I was not conscious of my own being and awareness (Freire 78). This is why I allowed Dr. Francis to continue depositing information into me because he posed himself as my liberator, my educator, but he was my oppres sor. By not being able to use and apply my knowledge, my critical consciousness and inner will to understand began to diminish. This is why Freire announces, â€Å"The more students work at storing the deposits entrusted to them, the less they develop the critical consciousness which would result from their intervention in the world as transformers of that world†(Freire 73). Freire implies that students lose the will power, the motivation, to develop awareness when they are force-fed information, so he argues that students must develop this ‘critical consciousness’ themselves through problem solving. This is when I realized that Dr. Francis couldn’t and won’t teach me how to understand what I have learned; I needed to learn how to apply and master the information I was taught by myself, not some other individual. Education is supposed to empower individuals; however, since I was ‘in-the-world’ I let the banking concept oppress me and my true understanding of knowledge. I failed the first Organic Chemistry lab. I didn’t know how to solve the problems and apply my knowledge, nor did I have the willpower to, so I simply gave up. I was incredibly frustrated after the first lab, not because I couldn’t get the right answer, but because I couldn’t apply my knowledge to solve the problem. I spent the next several lectures gathering notes, expanding on them, and making sense of the information; however, I was still unable to understand the information in practical terms. My frustration grew because I felt that all my efforts studying information and memorizing its contents was wasted. How could education provide all of this knowledge that we, as students, are unable to apply? What was the point of education? At the time, I felt education was society’s largest flaw because it wasted the time and severed the creativity students put into it. Freire agrees with me because he argues, â€Å"The capability of banking education is to minimize or annul the students’ creative power†(Freire 73). This implies that Freire agrees that education is flawed because it severs student creativity; although, it does not answer why we must learn meaningless and impractical information obtained in our lives. Freire responds that not everyone will find meaning through their education; however, he believes that people should continue to pursue the parts of education that students find interesting, such as in a higher education setting (Freire 76). I knew most of the information that I obtained in chemistry was impractical for most individuals and even myself in a day-to-day scenario, but chemistry was interesting to me. It was something that I wanted to pursue and gain further understanding of because every piece of information left me wanting more. Giving up and throwing my knowledge away was not an option because I wanted and worked my entire life to make sense of what I learned in this world, and it keeps on changing and reshaping every day. As a last effort, I went to the tutoring help desk at the university to get help, so I could understand my information and knowledge and apply it to the lab. I was assigned a tutor, Kevin, and he brought me and two other students into a small concealed 10Ãâ€"10 room with a large foldup table in the middle. We all sat down and Kevin asked us what we needed help with. The other students didn’t look like they were forced to be there and kept quiet, so I took the opportunity to obtain help. I told him that â€Å"I have a hard time applying the lecture notes in the lab. † Kevin explained that my situation was very typical because the lectures and exams were based on memorization where the labs relied on the interaction between what you know and how to solve the problem. He brought out an organic chemistry book and questioned, â€Å"Why is water polar? I immediately responded that water is polar because the oxygen atom has more elections than the hydrogen atoms at any one time giving the hydrogen molecules a positive charge and the oxygen a negative charge. Kevin told me that I was right, but this occurred due to the extreme differences in electronegativity. We continued to solve problems together and critique one another on our answers, and from this he was teaching me and I was teaching him. Freire would call this interaction, â€Å"problem-solving-education† because â€Å"The teacher is no longer merely the-one-who-teaches, but one who is himself taught in dialogue with the students†(Freire 80). This implies that both teacher and student work together to solve problems, and by doing so, they gain a greater understanding of the topic. This is exactly what Kevin and I were doing because we were teaching each other and able to create a more significant understanding and meaning of chemistry that allowed me to visualize a topic and solve it logistically instead of memorizing the topic and solving it formulaically. This is why Freire belives that â€Å"the conditions under which knowledge at the level of the doxa is superseded by true knowledge, at the level of the logos†(Freire 81). Freire’s text implies that common knowledge and understanding (doxa) can be transformed into true mastery of the subject and reason (logos). Since Keven and I were taking basic information and each giving it new meaning in our problem-solving tutoring sessions, I was able to acquire a true mastery and understanding of chemistry. Working with Kevin several times a week gave me a true understanding and relation of chemistry, which allowed me to pass my lab course with an A. Overcoming the problems of the banking-concept and learning the problem-solving method changed my life forever. I took the problem-solving method that I learned with Kevin and applied it with other students, colleagues, professors, and friends, so I could continue to problem solve and gain true understanding of knowledge throughout my life. Problem-solving education continues to be vastly superior to banking-education because in addition to learning and understanding information, problem-solving-education forces individuals to retain information they acquire so they can apply for future use. Since I was able to take knowledge and apply my understanding of it, Freire would conclude this type of understanding as â€Å"being with the world†(Freire 78). Being with-the-world means that the individual is conscious of their surroundings and is able to fully interact in the world they are in. Instead of being an object or vessel, the individual is able to make conscious decisions and interpret the world as they see it. This induces self-freedom and liberation in a person because when a person learns something, they retain that information forever and no human being in the world can take that information away. It also provides a mental salvation because if the physical realm is too harsh to live in, those who have mastered problem-solving and acquired pure consciousness can escape from their physical realm into their consciousness where they have stored all of their memories, techniques, and information, and no person can get to them besides themselves.

Al Barzakh – Life after Death in Islam

Death is eternal. It is the biggest truth, the ultimate reality that we are born to face. According to the Holy Quran â€Å"Every soul shall have a taste of death. Hence, death is inevitable and its time and place is determined even before we are born.The following verse from the Holy Quran proves that there is life after death: â€Å"And do not speak of those who are slain in Allah's way as dead; nay, (they are) alive, but you do not perceive† (2:154).Al Barzakh is an Arabic term which means barrier or veil. The word barrier implies the intermediary stage between death and the day of resurrection. As the Holy Quran mentions: â€Å"Between them is a Barzakh (Barrier) which they do not transgress† (Ar-Rahman: 20).Those who are alive cannot communicate with those who are in their graves. In return, the deceased cannot hear or see what happens in this world. To ask them for forgiveness is a sin since Allah alone has the power to forgive us. Life in this world and life in the grave are separate and the wall between them cannot be crossed (Islam, 2008).LifeHuman beings are curious and the mysteries of life and death have always fascinated them. Unlike death, life can be scientifically proven. Life for all human beings begins in his mother’s womb. After forty days of conception, life exists in the womb, and after another eighty days, life is blown into the piece of flesh and blood. At this time, the person’s deeds, destiny, religion and time of death are determined. Since Allah gives us our lives, He has the sole right to take it away as and when He pleases.DeathDespite being the greatest truth of our lives, death remains one of the biggest mysteries. Belief in life after death is crucial to being a true believer. The recent demise of my father intrigued me to answer certain questions about death. Life after death exists in a metaphysical world. It is questioned by people because it cannot be scientifically proven. However, there is suffi cient proof of it in the Holy Quran and in the sayings of the Holy Prophet (al-Jibaly, 2006).When a Muslim dies, he is bathed and wrapped in a clean white cloth, after which he is buried. Prayers are offered at a person’s death for his forgiveness. According to an interview conducted with a Muslim scholar, death is a transition that takes us from life that is temporary to life that is eternal. Life in the world is just there to prepare us for the life in the hereafter. It is then that actual and meaningful life begins. For those who did good in their lives, they will be rewarded with a life in paradise beyond their imagination (al-Jibaly, 2006).According to the Muslim scholar interviewed, when a person dies, he does not take his wealth with him into the grave. The only things he takes with him are his deeds. And it is his deeds that determine his final destination, that is, heaven or hell.

Process of Education Essay

I thank the reason why the Process of Education is do difficult to attain is because people don’t honesty know what education is. Like, what is education, what does education mean, what does being educated mean, how far can an education take you in life, are there different types of educations, etc. I thank the minute everyone understands what it means to be educated or what education is. It won’t be hard for anyone to apprehend the Process of Education. If someone doesn’t understand the Educational Process how are they going to attain the information they receive from it. To fully take in the information you receive from the Educational Process you first have to know what education is? That could be another reason why people struggle with attaining the information from the Educational Process. Indeed, it is a lot to take in but the more you know the better off you will be and will understand it better. Education is the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, esp. in a school or university. Knowing what education means will help a person exceed life expectations. The more you know the better off you’ll be. People should not only attain the knowledge to help them get by in life they should let their education take them further. Some people would rather just know what they need to know but if they really sit back and think â€Å"what if I expanded what I knew and learned something else other than what I already know†? How much easier it would be for them to attain knowledge and hold on to it. The Process of Education can be a start for some people to learn how to further their education. The Process of Education can best be describing as learning processes that will not only help you excel in your field of studies but also in your everyday life. It is a process that is ideally; interested in the material to be learned that is best stimulus to learning. The first object of any act of learning, over and beyond the pleasure it may give, is that it should serve us in the future. Learning should not only take us somewhere, it should allow us later to go further more easily. I found that learning a  subject involves three almost simultaneous processes. First, there is acquisition of new information — often information that runs counter to or is a replacement for what the person has previously known. A second aspect of learning may be called transformation — the process of manipulating knowledge to make it fit new tasks. Transformation comprises the ways we deal with information in order to go beyond it. A third aspect of learning is evaluation — checking whether the way we have manipulated information is adequate to the task. Not knowing the three processes to learning a subject may cause a change in a person mind to not want to learn the Process of Education and will make that person less interested in the Educational Process. It is very difficult to attain the Process of Education but the minute it’s understood the easier it will be to learn everything that is needed to learn. There will be a lot of people who would have wished they had understood the Educational Process and took their education to the limits. With an education in more than one study there’s no telling how far you can go, skies the limits. The more you know about the Process of Education the more you’re going to want to know and let soak in.

Impact of Organized Retailing on Unorganized Retailing in India

Retailing is playing a major part in Indian business emergence. There are many modern business systems taking place in Indian market because of Globalization. But retailing is the foremost part of them which is predicted to have a better growth. When it was said retailing, organized and unorganized retailing will come in to picture to debate. Unorganized retailing is the tradition of India and organized retailing was on track from early 90’s. In this context organized retailing is successively grown in recent years. Concerns are raised by many unorganized retailers that emergence of organized retailing is showing an adverse affect on unorganized retail. The book â€Å"Impact of Organized Retailing on Unorganized Sector† discussed about the existence of adverse affect of organized retailing on unorganized sector. This book also enlightened if there exist an adverse affect, how much does organized retailing is affecting unorganized sector. OVERVIEW: This book from ICRIER discussed many considerations to bring the real impact of organized retailing on unorganized retailing. The authors while analyzing considered many factors like â€Å"Effect on employment that how organized retailing is enhancing the job opportunities and the growth prospectus. This book also gave an idea about Impact on Consumers by bringing in to picture in relation to savings when shopped in organized outlets. The authors of this book even discussed many factors out of which primarily aimed at revenues to the government from both organized and unorganized retailers. Results from consumer surveys are made to understand their savings while shopped in organized outlets and which social class of people is saving more from these outlets. Conclusion made by the authors included all the particulars mentioned above. CORE GOALS: The Core purpose of the book is to explore the positive effects of the organized retailing by studying the retail market in India. This book also aimed to answer the opposing views on organized retailing to unorganized sector. Authors designed the book in measuring the prices impact on consumer and taxation revenue to the government and overall impact on economical growth of retailing in India. The book core goal by analyzing all these factors is to understand the effect on smaller retailers in the unorganized sector by organized sector. The authors tried to give details of increase in turn over in unorganized retailing after organized retailers stepped in to the Indian retail market. The other goal is to understand and portrait the unorganized retail outlet formats and how the change in services offered by the traditional retailers to compete with organized sector. The authors also illustrated the response by the unorganized retailers to organized sector to compete. SUPPORT AND DATA: Many surveys are conducted nationally to understand the employment impact of unorganized retailers. It was understood that unorganized outlets hire family members in average of 1. 5 persons per store. Where they employ hired labor in an average of 1. 1 per outlet (ICRIER report 2008). Interestingly there is a subsidiary improvement in overall employment in these sampled outlets over the existence of organized outlets near by. How ever there has been a general increase in employment in unorganized retail field after the existence of organized retailers which averaged at 21months. Over all we can identify the employment growth in the traditional retail outlets in India increased by 2. 2 times than earlier (ICRIER Retail by Mathew J, Sanghamitra S, pg83). As it was known organized retailing allowed better employment it also in some way pushed the growth of employment in unorganized sector. This book also showed that there exists a relationship between period of existence of organized outlets and employment effect. It says, if there exist an adverse effect, it carries off with time. Interestingly from the country wide sample it was shown that south and east part of India has observed an increase in employment (ICRIER report, table 5. 4 and chart 5. 1c, pg84). It is to understand after an average period of 21months there is no adverse effect on unorganized sector and they evenly initiated competing with organized outlets. Impact of turnover of unorganized retailing was keenly observed by the authors. Result with national sample of unorganized outlets turnover. It was understood that there exist a depression of annual turnover in unorganized sector at initial tages. Though there is a downfall in annual turnover, steady increase in the turnover and profit too is observed after an average 21months existence of organized retailers (Table 4. 2a, pg84). According to the survey table 4. 3a, unorganized retailers have indicated a number of steps taken in response to competition from organized retail, such as adding new product lines and brands, better display, renovation of the store, introduction of self service, enhanced home delivery, more credit sales, acceptance of credit cards, etc. This allowed consumers to consume better service from unorganized outlets. The authors also identified that currently 22% of unorganized retailers installed technological facilities to provide better service and to speedup the competition from organized retailers. Boost in exports and advantages to the urban producers in terms of superior price, strong processing of supply chain by the organized retailers brought new technologies and reduce in consumer price. The book even investigated the preference of consumers for organized and unorganized outlets. Authors sampled a nationwide data and found that 43% to 46% of organized customers declared that they are spending 30% of their spending on food and grocery in organized outlets. Shoppers at unorganized outlets preferred 61% of their spending in traditional outlets. Authors highlighted a very important fact organized retailers are bringing revenue to the government by paying huge taxes and where unorganized retailers don’t pay any taxes. IMPLICATIONS: Of all the observations the authors suggested, Simplification of the licensing and permit system for organized retail and move towards a nationwide uniform licensing system in the states to facilitate modern retail. Encourage co-operatives and links of unorganized retailers for direct procurement from suppliers and farmers. The book also suggested ensuring better credit availability to unorganized retailers from banks and micro-credit institutions through innovative banking solutions. To assist the formation of co-operative retailing of traditional stores, which in turn can undertake direct procurement of products from manufacturers and farmers. They also suggested by eliminating intermediaries, unorganized retail stores can obtain their supplies at lower prices, while farmers get better prices for their produce. CONCLUSION: Up on analyzing and observing the facts it was concluded that unorganized retailers in the vicinity of organized retailers experienced a decline in their volume of business and profit in the initial years after the entry of large organized retailers. The adverse impact of sales and profit on unorganized sector weakens over time. There were no facts of a decline in overall employment in the unorganized sector as a consequence of the entry of organized retailers. It was identified and concluded that there is a competitive response from traditional retailers through improved business practices and adopting advanced technologies as organized retailers. With the entry of organized retailers it was observed that overall spending of consumers is increased. It was said that consumers are definitely benefited from organized retailers in multiple benefits. Through the surveys made by ICRIER it was concluded that while all income groups saved through organized retail outlets, lower income groups are the one who benefited. Thus at the end it was concluded that organized retail is relatively more beneficial to the less wealthy consumers.